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Here is the article about “Ethereum: What are the orphan and rancid blocks?” as requested:
Ethereum: Understanding of orphan and rancid blocks
Ethereum, one of the largest and most popular blockchain platforms in the world, is based on a complex network of transactions and blocks to facilitate safe and efficient financial transactions. However, like any distributed system, Ethereum’s decentralized architecture is not immune to the problems that can make the blocks become “orphans” or “obsolete”.
What are the orphan and rancid blocks?
In simple terms, an orphan block is a transaction data block that has been created but has not yet been confirmed by the network. When an earlier confirmation is found, allowing this block to be accepted as valid, it is considered “orphan.” This means that transaction data within the orphan block was never included in a valid block.
In other words, the block contains information about a transaction or event that has not yet been verified by the network. As a result, the entire block remains unconfirmed and is essentially blocked in a “orphan” state.
What about the orphan blocks?
The consequences of having an orphan block are serious: these blocks are never used and can remain stuck in the block chain for a prolonged period of time. This not only waste resources, but also prevents the network from processing valuable information.
In 2019, a team of researchers discovered that a significant number of Ethereum nodes stuck in orphan blocks due to lack of confirmation. When analyzing the transaction records of these nodes and blocking metadata, they found that approximately 15% of all transactions had been included in orphan blocks.
Why are orphaned blocks problematic?
The orphan blocks pose a significant problem for several reasons:
- Resource waste
: Allow the orphan blocks to remain stuck in blockchain waste valuable computer resources.
- Safety risks : Stay in an orphan block increases the risk of using or manipulate transactions without proper verification.
- Network stability : The presence of unconfirmed transactions can lead to network instability and reduce safety.
What happens when a rancid block is located?
When an obsolete block is discovered, it is essentially a redundant copy of data that has already been included in the block chain. In this case, the block has been accepted by most nodes on the network and will not be considered “orphan.”
However, if a node is trying to execute transactions against an earlier version of itself (that is, use a rancid block) without proper verification, it can lead to:
- Transaction rejuncts : The execution of transactions will result in automatic rejection by nodes that have already been updated with the latest version.
- Network conflicts : Nodes may experience conflicts or inconsistencies when trying to validate transactions against obsolete blocks.
Conclusion
The orphan and obsolete blocks are an important problem in Ethereum’s blockchain architecture, causing waste and safety risks. Understanding the concept of orphan and rancid blocks is crucial to guarantee the integrity and stability of the network. As developers and users continue to explore the benefits of Ethereum, it is essential to address these problems and develop strategies to mitigate their impact.
In the future, we can expect improved tools and techniques to detect and solve orphaned and obsolete blocks, as more advanced consensus mechanisms or specialized indexing systems. By recognizing and addressing this challenge, we can work to build a safer, reliable and efficient Ethereum network that rewards innovation and collaboration.